Streamline your exam preparation using our targeted collection of Class 10 Physics Important Questions. Built strictly in line with the latest exam patterns and marking schemes, this page highlights the exact questions that external examiners prefer to feature year after year. Skip the overwhelm of skimming through heavy textbook chapters and focus directly on core scoring zones—including crucial ray diagrams, circuit problems, and conceptual reasoning questions. Use this resource to perfect your presentation and approach your test paper with absolute confidence.
10th Quarterly Exam Question Papers and Answer Keys
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10th Public Exam Question Papers and Answer Keys
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10th Third Revision Test Question Papers and Answer Keys
10TH SCIENCE (PHYSICS)
1. Define inertia. Give its classification.
Inertia is the inherent property of a body to resist any change in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Types of Inertia:- Inertia of Rest: Resistance to change from a state of rest (e.g., dust falling off a carpet when beaten).
- Inertia of Motion: Resistance to change from a state of motion (e.g., passengers leaning forward in a sudden brake).
- Inertia of Direction: Resistance to change in direction (e.g., sudden turning of a car).
2. Classify the types of force based on their application.
Like parallel forces: Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along the same direction, parallel to each other are called like parallel forces.
Unlike parallel forces: If two or more equal forces or unequal forces act along opposite directions parallel to each other, then they are called unlike parallel forces.
3. Differentiate mass and weight.
| Mass | Weight |
|---|---|
| Mass is defined as the quantity of matter contained in the body. | Weight is defined as the gravitational force exerted on a body due to the gravity. |
| SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). | SI unit of weight is newton (N). |
| It is a scalar quantity. | It is a vector quantity. |
| Mass remains constant. | Weight varies based on the gravitational field. |
4. Define moment of a couple.
Rotating effect of a couple is known as moment of a couple. It is measured by the product of any one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of two forces.
Moment of a couple = Force × perpendicular distance between the line of action of forces
M = F × S
5. State the principle of moments.
When a number of like or unlike parallel forces act on a rigid body and the body is in equilibrium, then the algebraic sum of the moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments in the anticlockwise direction.
The principle of moments can be written as follows:
Moment in clockwise direction = Moment in anticlockwise direction
F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
6. State Newton's Second Law.
Newton's second law states that "the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force."
7. Why prefer a spanner with a long handle?
A longer handle increases the torque (moment of force), making it easier to tighten or loosen screws. The turning effect of the applied force is more when the distance between the fixed edge and the point of application of force is more.
8. Why does a fielder lower hands while catching a ball?
A fielder lowers their hands while catching a ball because a smaller force acts for a longer interval of time. By increasing the time of impact, the rate of change in momentum decreases, resulting in a lesser impulse on his hands.
Force ∝ (momentum / time)
9. How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?
Astronauts are not floating but falling freely around the earth due to their huge orbital velocity. Since space station and astronauts have equal acceleration, they are under free fall condition. Both the astronauts and the space station are in the state of weightlessness.
10. Applications of Universal law of gravitation:
- Measurement of Heavenly Bodies
- Discovery of New Stars and Planets
- Irregularities in Star Motion (Wobble Effect)
- Geotropism in Plants
- Prediction of Astronomical Paths
11. What is refractive index?
The ratio of speed of light in vacuum (c) to the speed of light in a medium (v) is defined as refractive index 'μ' of that medium.
μ = c / v
c = Speed of light in a vacuum (3 × 108 m/s)
v = Speed of light in the medium
12. State Snell's law.
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of refractive indices of the two media. This law is known as Snell's law.
(sin i / sin r) = μ2 / μ1
13. Ray diagram for object between F and 2F (Convex lens):
14. Define dispersion of light.
When a beam of white light or composite light is refracted through any transparent media such as glass or water, it is split into its component colours. This phenomenon is called as 'dispersion of light'.
15. State Rayleigh's law of scattering.
Rayleigh's scattering law states that, "The amount of scattering of light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength".
S ∝ 1 / λ4
16. Differentiate convex lens and concave lens.
| Feature | Convex Lens | Concave Lens |
|---|---|---|
| Shape | Thicker at the center and thinner at the edges. | Thinner at the center and thicker at the edges. |
| Type of Lens | Converging lens (brings light rays together). | Diverging lens (spreads light rays apart). |
| Image formation | Mostly forms real images. | Always forms virtual images. |
| Focal Length | Positive focal length. | Negative focal length. |
| Uses | Used to treat hypermetropia. | Used to treat myopia. |
| Example | Magnifying glass. | Spectacle lens for nearsightedness. |
17. What is power of accommodation of eye?
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length to see objects clearly at various distances is called power of accommodation of eye.
18. Causes of Myopia:
- Lengthening of eye ball
- Focal length of eye lens is reduced
- The distance between eye lens and retina increases.
19. Why does the sky appear blue?
When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the blue colour (shorter wavelength) is scattered to a greater extent than the red colour (longer wavelength). This scattering causes the sky to appear in blue colour.
20. Uses of Convex lens:
- Used in camera
- Used as magnifying lens
- Used in making microscope, telescope and slide projectors
- Used to correct the defect of vision called Hypermetropia
21. What is the least count of travelling microscope?
The least count of travelling microscope is 0.01 mm. It works based on the principle of vernier.
22. Applications of Concave lenses:
- It is used as eye lens of Galilean Telescope
- They are used in wide angle spy hole in doors.
- They are used to correct the defect of vision called myopia
23. Persistence of vision:
If the time interval between two consecutive light pulses is less than 1/16 second, human eye cannot distinguish them separately. It is called persistence of vision.
24. Advantages of Telescopes:
- Elaborate view of Galaxies, Planets, stars and other heavenly bodies
- Camera can be attached for taking photo of the celestial bodies
- Telescope can be viewed even with the low intensity of light
25. Disadvantages of Telescope:
- Frequent maintenance is required
- It is not easily portable
26. Uses of Simple microscope:
- Used by watch repairers and jewellers
- Used to read small letters clearly
- To observe parts of flower, insects etc
- To observe finger prints in the field of forensic science.
27. Define one calorie:
One calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
28. Distinguish between linear, areal (superficial), and cubical expansion
| Linear Expansion | Superficial Expansion | Cubical Expansion |
|---|---|---|
| When a body is heated or cooled, the length of the body changes due to change in its temperature. Then the expansion is said to be linear expansion. | If there is an increase in the area of a solid object due to heating, then the expansion is called Superficial expansion. | If there is an increase in the volume of a solid body due to heating, then the expansion is called cubical expansion. |
| The ratio of increase in length of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit length is called as the coefficient of linear expansion. | The ratio of increase in area of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit area is called as coefficient of superficial expansion. | The ratio of increase in volume of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit volume is called as coefficient of cubical expansion. |
| It is also called as longitudinal expansion. | It is also called as Areal expansion. | It is also called as Volumetric expansion. |
29. What is the coefficient of cubical expansion?
The ratio of increase in volume of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit volume is called as coefficient of cubical expansion. SI unit is K-1.
γ = ΔV / (V0 × ΔT)
ΔV = Change in volume of the substance
V0 = Original volume of the substance
ΔT = Change in temperature
30. State Boyle's law:
At constant temperature the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
P ∝ 1 / V or PV = constant
31. State the law of volume (Charles's Law):
At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
V ∝ T or V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
32. Distinguish between ideal gas and real gas:
| Ideal Gas | Real Gas |
|---|---|
| If the atoms or molecules of a gas do not interact with each other, then the gas is said to be an ideal gas or a perfect gas. | If the molecules or atoms of a gas interact with each other with a definite amount of intermolecular or interatomic force of attraction, then the gases are said to be real gases. |
| Obeys the gas laws at all conditions. | Deviates from gas laws under high pressure or low temperature. |
| No intermolecular forces. | Has intermolecular forces. |
33. What is the coefficient of real expansion?
Coefficient of real expansion is defined as the ratio of the true rise in the volume of the liquid per degree rise in temperature to its unit volume. The SI unit of coefficient of real expansion is K-1.
34. Define the unit of current.
The unit of current is ampere (A). One ampere is defined as the flow of one coulomb of charge per second across any cross section of conductor.
1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second
35. What happens to the resistance, as the conductor is made thicker?
The resistance decreases as the resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross section.
36. Why is tungsten metal used in bulbs, but not in fuse wires?
Tungsten has a high melting point, making it suitable for bulbs. Fuse wires need to melt quickly, so they are made from materials with a low melting point.
37. Name any two devices, which are working on the heating effect of the electric current.
Electric iron, toaster, oven, Fuse wire.
38. Define electric potential and potential difference.
Electric potential: The work done to bring a unit positive charge from infinity to a point.
Potential difference: The work done to move a unit charge between two points.
39. What is the role of the earth wire in domestic circuits?
The earth wire is a protective conductor. It provides a safe path for excess current and prevents electric shocks.
40. State Ohm's law.
Ohm's law states that "The current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across it and inversely proportional to its resistance (R)".
V = I × R
41. Distinguish between the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor.
| Feature | Resistivity (ρ) | Conductivity (σ) |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The property of a material to oppose the flow of electric current. | The property of a material to allow the flow of electric current. |
| Formula | ρ = (R × A) / L | σ = 1 / ρ |
| Unit | Ω m | Ω-1 m-1 or mho m-1 |
| Nature | Higher for insulators like glass or rubber. | Higher for conductors like copper or aluminum. |
| Significance | Measures how much a material resists electric current. | Measures how well a material conducts electric current. |
| Example | Nichrome has a high resistivity and is used in heating elements. | Copper has a high conductivity and is used in electrical wiring. |
42. What connection is used in domestic appliances and why?
Parallel connection is used so that each domestic appliance can work independently.
- The disconnection of one circuit does not affect the other circuit.
- Each electric appliance gets an equal voltage.
43. SI Unit of Potential difference:
SI Unit of Potential difference is volt.
1 volt = 1 joule / 1 coulomb
44. Electrical conductivity:
σ = 1 / ρ
The reciprocal of electrical resistivity of a material is called its electrical conductivity. Its unit is Ω-1 m-1.
45. Electric power unit:
SI Unit of Electric power is watt. 1 hp = 746 watt.
46. Seven segment display:
Gives the output in the form of numbers or text. Used in digital meters, digital clocks, microwave ovens etc.
47. What is a longitudinal wave?
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of wave propagation, like sound waves.
48. What is the audible range of frequency?
The audible range for humans is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
49. What is the minimum distance needed for an echo?
The minimum distance required to hear an echo is 17.2 meters (based on the speed of sound in air at 344 m/s).
50. Name three animals, which can hear ultrasonic vibrations.
Bats, dogs, dolphins, Mosquito.
51. Why does sound travel faster on a rainy day than on a dry day?
When humidity increases, the speed of sound increases. That is why you can hear sound from long distances clearly during rainy seasons.
52. Why does an empty vessel produce more sound than a filled one?
Empty Vessel: The air inside vibrates freely, creating resonance and producing louder sound.
Filled Vessel: The liquid or solid restricts vibrations, dampening the sound and making it quieter.
53. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved. [May 22]
When sound is reflected from a concave surface, the reflected waves are converged and focused at a point. So, the intensity of reflected waves is concentrated at a point. The curved ceilings of concert halls help in reflecting sound waves evenly across the hall, ensuring that all areas of the audience experience high-quality sound.
54. Mention two cases in which there is no Doppler effect in sound?
- When source (S) and listener (L) both are at rest.
- When S and L move in such a way that distance between them remains constant.
- When source S and L are moving in mutually perpendicular directions.
- If the source is situated at the center of the circle along which the listener is moving.
Answer: Henri Becquerel.
Answer: Uranium and Radium.
Answer: Boron and Aluminium (or Uranium and Thorium).
Answer: Gamma rays.
Answer: Atomic number = 106 | Mass number = 263.
Solution: Atomic number = 104 + 2 = 106 | Mass number = 259 + 4 = 263.
Answer: 3.2 × 10-11 J or 200 MeV.
Answer: Gamma radiation.
Answer: 600 Roentgens (R).
Answer: 1942, Chicago.
Answer: Becquerel (Bq).
Answer: Lead.
66. Write any three features of natural and artificial radioactivity.
| S.No | Natural radioactivity | Artificial radioactivity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emission of radiation due to self-disintegration of a nucleus. | Emission of radiation due to disintegration of a nucleus through induced process. |
| 2 | Alpha, beta and gamma radiations are emitted. | Mostly elementary particles such as neutron, positron, etc. are emitted. |
| 3 | It is a spontaneous process. | It is an induced process. |
| 4 | Exhibited by elements with atomic number more than 82. | Exhibited by elements with atomic number less than 82. |
| 5 | This cannot be controlled. | This can be controlled. |
67. Define critical mass.
Answer: The minimum mass of a fissile material required to sustain a chain reaction is called critical mass. It depends on nature, size and density of the fissile material.
68. Define one roentgen.
Answer: One roentgen is defined as the quantity of radioactive substance that produces a charge of 2.58 × 10-4 C in 1 kg of air under standard temperature, pressure and humidity.
69. State Soddy and Fajan's displacement law.
Answer: Soddy and Fajan's displacement law states that:
(i) When a radioactive element emits an alpha particle, a daughter nucleus is formed whose mass number is less by 4 units and the atomic number is less by 2 units, than the mass number and atomic number of the parent nucleus.
(ii) When a radioactive element emits a beta particle, a daughter nucleus is formed whose mass number is the same and the atomic number is more by 1 unit, than the atomic number of the parent nucleus.
70. Give the function of control rods in a nuclear reactor.
Answer: Control rods are used to control the number of neutrons in order to have sustained chain reaction. Mostly boron or cadmium rods are used as control rods. They absorb the neutrons.
71. Why do some newborn children in Japan have congenital diseases?
Answer: Exposure to radiation from nuclear bombings and testing has led to genetic mutations causing congenital diseases. So newborn children in Japan have congenital diseases.
72. Mr. Ramu works as an X-ray technician but doesn't wear a lead apron. What advice would you give?
Answer: Though the intensity of X-rays is less, he should wear a lead apron to protect himself from harmful X-ray radiation exposure and a pocket dosimeter.
73. What is stellar energy?
Answer: Energy produced by nuclear fusion reactions in stars and sun is called Stellar energy.
74. Give any two uses of radioisotopes in agriculture.
- The radioisotope of phosphorous (P-32) helps to increase the productivity of crops.
- Radioisotopes prevent sprouting in stored food and are used as tracers to study nutrient absorption.
- To kill insects and parasites.
75. Types of inertia with examples:
Inertia is the inherent property of a body to resist any change in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
• Inertia of rest: The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
Example: When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached and they fall down.
• Inertia of motion: The resistance of a body to change its state of motion is called inertia of motion.
Example: An athlete runs some distance before jumping. Because, this will help him jump longer and higher.
• Inertia of direction: The resistance of a body to change its direction of motion is called inertia of direction.
Example: When you make a sharp turn while driving a car, you tend to lean sideways.
76. Newton's laws of motion:
Newton's First Law: This law states that every body continues to be in its state of rest or the state of uniform motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force. It gives the definition of force as well as inertia.
Newton's Second Law: According to this law, "the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force". This law helps us to measure the amount of force. So, it is also called as 'law of force'.
Newton's Third Law: It states that 'for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. They always act on two different bodies'.
77. Describe rocket propulsion
- Propulsion of rockets is based on the law of conservation of linear momentum as well as Newton's III law of motion.
- Rockets are filled with a fuel (either liquid or solid) in the propellant tank.
- When the rocket is fired, this fuel is burnt and a hot gas is ejected with a high speed from the nozzle of the rocket, producing a huge momentum.
- To balance this momentum, an equal and opposite reaction force is produced in the combustion chamber, which makes the rocket project forward.
- While in motion, the mass of the rocket gradually decreases, until the fuel is completely burnt out. Since, there is no net external force acting on it, the linear momentum of the system is conserved.
- The mass of the rocket decreases with altitude, which results in the gradual increase in velocity of the rocket.
- At one stage, it reaches a velocity, which is sufficient to just escape from the gravitational pull of the Earth. This velocity is called escape velocity.
78. List any five properties of light:
- Light is a form of energy.
- Light always travels along a straight line.
- Light does not need any medium for its propagation. It can even travel through vacuum.
- The speed of light in vacuum or air is, c = 3 × 108 ms-1.
- Since, light is in the form of waves, it is characterized by a wavelength (λ) and a frequency (ν), which are related by the following equation: c = ν λ (c - velocity of light).
- Different coloured light has different wavelength and frequency.
- Among the visible light, violet light has the lowest wavelength and red light has the highest wavelength.
- When light is incident on the interface between two media, it is partly reflected and partly refracted.
79. Explain the rules for obtaining images formed by a convex lens with the help of ray diagrams:
Rule 1: A ray of light parallel to the principal axis, after refraction through a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the other side.
Rule 2: A ray of light passing through the principal focus, after refraction, emerges parallel to the principal axis.
Rule 3: A ray of light passing through the optical center of the lens continues to travel in a straight line without any deviation.
These rules help to determine the position, size, and nature of the image formed by a convex lens.
80. Differentiate the eye defects: Myopia and Hypermetropia
| Feature | Myopia (Shortsightedness) | Hypermetropia (Longsightedness) |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Inability to see distant objects clearly. | Inability to see nearby objects clearly. |
| Clear Vision | Nearby objects can be seen clearly. | Distant objects can be seen clearly. |
| Cause | Lengthening of eyeball. | Shortening of eyeball. |
| Image Formation | Image forms in front of the retina. | Image forms behind the retina. |
| Focal Length | Focal length of eye lens is reduced. | Focal length of eye lens is increased. |
| Correction | Corrected with a concave lens. | Corrected with a convex lens. |
| Example | Difficulty seeing the blackboard from a distance. | Difficulty reading a book up close. |
81. Derive the ideal gas equation:
The ideal gas equation is an equation, which relates all the properties of an ideal gas. An ideal gas obeys Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law.
According to Boyle's law: PV = constant — (1)
According to Charles's law: V / T = constant — (2)
According to Avogadro's law: V / n = constant — (3)
Combining equations (1), (2) and (3):
PV / nT = constant — (4)
If a gas contains μ moles, the number of molecules is n = μ NA — (5)
Substituting (5) in (4):
PV / (μ NA T) = kB ⇒ PV = μ NA kB T
Here μ NA kB = R (Universal Gas Constant = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1).
PV = RT — (6)
Ideal gas equation is also called the equation of state because it gives the relation between the state variables.
82. Electric Current:
a) What is meant by electric current? Electric current (I) is defined as the rate of flow of charges in a conductor: I = Q / t.
b) Name and define its unit: The unit of electric current is the ampere (A). One ampere is the current that flows when 1 coulomb of charge passes through a conductor in 1 second.
c) Measuring instrument and connection: Ammeter is used to measure electric current. It is always connected in series with the circuit so that the full current flows through it.
83. Joule's Heating & Applications:
a) State Joule's law of heating: The heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to (1) the square of current (I2), (2) the resistance (R), and (3) the time (t). Formula: H = I2Rt.
b) Why is nichrome used as heating element? It has high resistivity, high melting point, and does not oxidize easily at high temperatures.
c) How does a fuse wire protect electrical appliances? Made of low melting point material; melts due to Joule's heating when excess current passes, breaking the circuit and preventing damage/fire.
84. LED TV & LED Bulb:
a) Advantages of LED TV over normal TV: Brighter picture quality; thinner; consumes less power/energy; longer life span; highly reliable.
b) Merits of LED bulb: No filament, no heat energy loss, cooler operation; low power requirement; eco-friendly; wide colour range; cost-efficient; mercury-free.
85. Circuit Components and Uses:
| Component | Use of the component | Symbol / Notation |
|---|---|---|
| Resistor | Used to fix the magnitude of the current through a circuit | Fixed Resistance |
| Variable resistor / Rheostat | Used to select the magnitude of the current through a circuit. | Variable Resistance |
| Ammeter | Used to measure the current. | (A) |
| Voltmeter | Used to measure the potential difference. | (V) |
| Galvanometer | Used to detect the current and its direction. | (G) |
| A diode | It is used in electronic devices. | Anode –|<– Cathode |
| Light Emitting Diode (LED) | It is used in seven segment display. | LED Symbol |
| Ground connection | Used to provide protection to the electrical components | Ground Symbol |
86. What are the factors that affect the speed of sound in gases?
• Effect of density: Inversely proportional to square root of density (v ∝ √(1/d)). Speed decreases as density increases.
• Effect of temperature: Directly proportional to square root of temperature (v ∝ √T). Speed increases with temperature.
• Effect of relative humidity: Speed increases with humidity; hence sound travels faster on rainy days.
87. Ultrasonic vibrations:
a) Definition: Sound waves with frequencies greater than 20 kHz.
b) Uses: SONAR depth measurement; scanning kidney stones; internal organ imaging.
c) Animals detecting ultrasound: Bats, dolphins, and dogs.
88. What is an echo?
Sound reproduced due to reflection from rigid surfaces (walls, mountains).
a) Conditions: Minimum time gap = 0.1 s; minimum distance = 17.2 m (at 344 ms-1).
b) Medical application: Obstetric ultrasonography for fetal imaging in uterus.
c) Speed of sound calculation: Speed = 2d / t.
89. Differentiate Sound and Light
| S.No. | SOUND | LIGHT |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Medium is required for the propagation. | Medium is not required for the propagation. |
| 2 | Sound waves are longitudinal. | Light waves are transverse. |
| 3 | Wavelength ranges from 1.65 cm to 1.65 m. | Wavelength ranges from 4 × 10-7 m to 7 × 10-7 m. |
| 4 | Travels in air with a speed of about 340 ms-1 at NTP. | Travels in air with a speed of 3 × 108 ms-1. |
90. Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions:
Controlled Chain Reaction: Number of neutrons is maintained at one using neutron absorbers (control rods); energy released is used constructively (e.g., nuclear reactor).
Uncontrolled Chain Reaction: Neutrons multiply indefinitely, causing explosive release of huge energy in a fraction of a second (e.g., atom bomb).
91. Compare the properties of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations.
| Properties | α rays | β rays | γ rays |
|---|---|---|---|
| What are they? | Helium nucleus (2He4) consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. | Electrons (-1e0), basic elementary particle in all atoms. | Electromagnetic waves consisting of photons. |
| Charge | Positively charged (+2e). | Negatively charged (-e). | Neutral (zero). |
| Ionising power | 100 times greater than β rays and 10,000 times greater than γ rays. | Comparatively low. | Very less ionization power. |
| Penetrating power | Low (stopped by thick paper). | Greater than α rays (penetrates thin metal foil). | Very high (penetrates thick metal blocks). |
| Effect of fields | Deflected by electric and magnetic fields. | Deflected in opposite direction to α rays. | Not deflected by both fields. |
| Speed | 1/10 to 1/20 times speed of light. | Can go up to 9/10 times speed of light. | Travels with the speed of light. |
92. What is a nuclear reactor? Explain its essential parts with their functions.
A Nuclear reactor is a device in which the nuclear fission reaction takes place in a self-sustained and controlled manner to produce electricity.
- Fuel: Fissile material used for fission (e.g., Uranium).
- Moderator: Slows down fast-moving neutrons to thermal energy (e.g., Graphite, Heavy water).
- Control rod: Absorbs neutrons to control reaction rate (e.g., Boron, Cadmium rods).
- Coolant: Removes heat from core to generate steam for turbines (e.g., Water, Air, Helium).
- Protection wall: Thick concrete-lead shielding to prevent escape of harmful radiation.
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