Streamline your exam preparation with the official Tirupattur District 10th Science Quarterly Exam 2026 Question Paper and Answer Key tailored for English Medium students. This resource helps you review your answers, understand district-specific question patterns, and build a strong foundation for your upcoming Tamil Nadu public board examinations.
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QUARTERLY EXAMINATION - 2026
1. The mass of a body is measured on planet Earth as M kg. When it is taken to a planet of radius half that of the Earth, then its value will be:
a) 4M b) 2M c) M/4 d) M kg
Explanation: Mass is the fundamental quantity of matter contained in a body and remains constant anywhere in the universe; weight may change, but mass does not.
2. A convex lens forms a real, diminished point-sized image at focus. Then the position of the object is at:
a) focus b) infinity c) at 2f d) between f and 2f
3. Nichrome is used as a heating element in electric heaters, because it has:
a) high resistivity b) high melting point c) not easily oxidised d) all the above
4. Which of the following is a triatomic molecule?
a) Glucose b) Helium c) Carbon dioxide d) Hydrogen
Explanation: A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) consists of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms, totaling 3 atoms.
5. The basis of modern periodic law is:
a) atomic number b) atomic mass c) isotopic mass d) number of neutrons
6. Solubility of NaCl in 100 ml water is 36 g. If 25 g of salt is dissolved in 100 ml of water, how much more salt is required for saturation?
a) 12 g b) 11 g c) 16 g d) 20 g
Solution: 36 g − 25 g = 11 g.
7. Casparian strips are present in the _______ of the root:
a) cortex b) pith c) pericycle d) endodermis
8. During transpiration there is loss of:
a) Carbon dioxide b) Oxygen c) water d) none of the above
9. The part of the human brain which acts as a relay center is:
a) Pons b) thalamus c) cerebrum d) Cerebellum
10. LH is secreted by:
a) adrenal gland b) Thyroid gland c) Anterior pituitary d) Hypothalamus
11. What is true of gametes?
a) They are diploid b) They give rise to gonads
c) They produce hormones d) They are formed from gonads
12. The region of the chromosome where the spindle fibres get attached during cell division:
a) chromomere b) Centrosome c) Centromere d) chromonema
13. Why is a spanner with a long handle preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles?
The turning effect of force is given by Torque (τ) = Force (F) × perpendicular distance (d). By using a spanner with a longer handle, the perpendicular distance (d) increases. This yields a large turning effect (torque) with the application of minimal force, making it easier to tighten or loosen tight screws in heavy vehicles.
14. State the law of volume (Charles's law).
According to Charles's law, at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
Formula: V ∝ T or V / T = Constant.
15. Define - Atomicity.
The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element or compound is called its atomicity (e.g., O2 = 2, O3 = 3, P4 = 4).
16. The aquatic animals live more in cold regions. Why?
The solubility of gases in liquids increases as temperature decreases. Therefore, cold water holds a significantly higher concentration of dissolved oxygen, allowing aquatic animals to breathe comfortably and survive in large numbers.
17. Match the following:
a) Galvanisation — Noble gas elements
b) Redox reaction — Coating with Zn
c) Dental filling — Alumino thermic process
d) Group 18 elements — Silver-tin amalgam
a) Galvanisation — Coating with Zn
b) Redox reaction — Alumino thermic process
c) Dental filling — Silver-tin amalgam
d) Group 18 elements — Noble gas elements
18. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur?
Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic green plants synthesize carbohydrates (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
Site of occurrence: Chloroplast (within plant cells).
19. Draw the adrenal gland and label the parts.
[Diagram: Cross-section of human adrenal gland situated above the kidney showing cortex and medulla]
1. Capsule: Outermost protective fibrous covering.
2. Adrenal Cortex: Outer yellowish endocrine region (composed of Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, and Zona reticularis).
3. Adrenal Medulla: Inner dark reddish-brown central region consisting of chromaffin cells.
20. Fill in the blanks:
a) A change in the environment that causes an animal to react is called _______.
b) Planaria reproduces asexually by _______.
a) Stimulus
b) Regeneration
21. Differentiate Genotype and Phenotype.
• Genotype: The genetic constitution or gene complement of an organism for a specific trait (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).
• Phenotype: The physical, observable morphological expression of a trait in an individual (e.g., Tall, Dwarf).
22. [Compulsory] Calculate the resistance of a conductor through which a current of 2 A passes, when the potential difference between its ends is 30 V.
Given: Potential difference V = 30 V, Current I = 2 A.
According to Ohm's Law: R = V / I
R = 30 / 2 = 15 Ω (ohm).
23. Describe rocket propulsion.
• Principle: Based on Newton's third law of motion and the law of conservation of linear momentum.
• Operation: Inside the combustion chamber, propellants are burned at high temperatures to produce huge amounts of hot exhaust gases. These gases escape through the rear nozzle with enormous velocity (Action).
• In accordance with Newton's third law, this generates an equal and opposite thrust on the rocket body, accelerating it forward (Reaction).
• As the propellant burns out, the mass of the rocket continuously decreases, leading to a progressive increase in acceleration.
24. Explain the experiment of measuring the real and apparent expansion of a liquid with a neat diagram.
1. A round-bottomed glass flask with a narrow graduated stem is filled with the liquid up to a marked level L1.
2. When heated initially, the glass container expands first before the liquid absorbs heat. As a result, the liquid level temporarily falls from L1 to L2.
3. Upon further heating, the liquid absorbs heat and expands rapidly (liquids expand much more than solids), causing the level to rise up to L3.
• Apparent Expansion = L3 − L1
• Real Expansion = L3 − L2
25. a) What is meant by electric current? b) Name and define its unit. c) Which instrument is used to measure the electric current? How should it be connected in a circuit?
a) Electric current: The rate of flow of electric charges through a conductor (I = Q / t).
b) Unit: The SI unit is ampere (A).
Definition of Ampere: The current is said to be 1 ampere when a charge of 1 coulomb passes across any cross-section of a conductor in 1 second (1 A = 1 C / 1 s).
c) Measurement:
• Measured using an Ammeter.
• It must always be connected in series with the electrical circuit.
26. Write the applications of Avogadro's law.
1. Explains Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes.
2. Helps in deducing the atomicity of elementary gases.
3. Used to derive the relationship: Molecular mass = 2 × Vapour density.
4. Helps in determining the molar volume of gases at STP (22.4 litres or 22,400 ml).
27. How does locomotion take place in leech?
Locomotion in leech occurs by two distinct methods:
1. Looping or Crawling movement (on substratum): Brought about by the alternate contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular body muscles, aided by the adhesion of anterior and posterior suckers in a loop-like fashion.
2. Swimming movement (in water): The body becomes flattened dorsoventrally and executes undulating, wave-like swimming strokes in water.
28. Enumerate the functions of blood.
1. Transports respiratory gases (oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs).
2. Transports digested nutrients, hormones, and vitamins to target tissues.
3. Removes metabolic wastes like urea, uric acid, and creatinine to excretory organs.
4. Regulates body temperature, water balance, and maintains homeostatic acid-base balance (pH).
5. Protects against pathogens through phagocytosis by WBCs and production of antibodies.
29. Differentiate between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.
| Feature | Aerobic Respiration | Anaerobic Respiration |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen requirement | Occurs in the presence of oxygen. | Occurs in the absence of oxygen. |
| Cellular location | Cytoplasm and mitochondria. | Cytoplasm only. |
| End products | CO2 and H2O. | Ethanol or lactic acid and CO2. |
| Energy yield | High energy yield (36 or 38 ATP per glucose). | Low energy yield (2 ATP per glucose). |
30. What are the phases of menstrual cycle? Indicate the changes in the ovary and uterus.
1. Menstrual phase (Days 1 – 5):
• Uterus: Breakdown of the thickened endometrium and rupture of blood vessels leading to menstrual bleeding.
• Ovary: New primary follicles begin development.
2. Follicular / Proliferative phase (Days 6 – 13):
• Ovary: Primary follicle matures into a Graafian follicle stimulated by FSH.
• Uterus: Estrogen secreted by follicles induces proliferation and thickening of endometrium.
3. Ovulatory phase (Day 14):
• Ovary: LH surge triggers the rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of the ovum into the fallopian tube.
4. Luteal / Secretory phase (Days 15 – 28):
• Ovary: The empty follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.
• Uterus: Endometrium becomes highly vascularized and glandular, preparing for embryo implantation.
31. Why did Mendel select pea plant for his experiments?
1. It is an annual plant with a short life cycle, allowing several generations to be studied quickly.
2. Exhibits well-defined, easily recognizable contrasting morphological characters.
3. Flowers are bisexual and naturally self-pollinating, ensuring true-breeding parental lines.
4. Flowers can be easily cross-pollinated artificially (emasculation and pollination) to obtain fertile hybrids.
32. [Compulsory] A solution is prepared by dissolving 45 g of sodium chloride in 180 g of water. Calculate the mass percentage of solute.
Mass of solute (NaCl) = 45 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 180 g
Total mass of solution = 45 g + 180 g = 225 g
Mass percentage of solute = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100
= (45 / 225) × 100 = (1 / 5) × 100 = 20%.
i) Refractive index (μ): The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum or air (c) to the speed of light in a specified medium (v), given by μ = c / v.
ii) Compound Microscope:
• Construction: Consists of two convex lenses mounted coaxially in a cylindrical body tube with a rack-and-pinion arrangement:
1. Objective Lens: The lens facing the specimen; has a short focal length and small aperture.
2. Eyepiece: The lens facing the eye; has a comparatively longer focal length and larger aperture.
• Working:
1. The specimen is illuminated and placed just outside the focal length (u > fo) of the objective lens.
2. The objective lens forms a real, inverted, and magnified intermediate image within the focal length of the eyepiece.
3. The eyepiece functions as a simple magnifier, producing a highly magnified, virtual, and inverted final image at the near point of the observer.
i) Role of Earth Wire: Provides a low-resistance conducting path for leakage current directly into the ground. If any appliance's insulation fails and current leaks to its metallic casing, the earth wire conducts the charge to the earth, immediately blowing the fuse or tripping the MCB, protecting users from lethal electric shocks.
ii) Domestic Electric Circuits:
1. Power Supply: Electricity is supplied to households at 220 V AC with a frequency of 50 Hz via two insulated wires: Live wire (red/brown) and Neutral wire (black/blue).
2. Entry Meter Board: Current passes through the main fuse or Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), the electric meter, and the main switch.
3. Parallel Connection: All household electrical appliances are connected in parallel across live and neutral lines. This ensures every appliance receives the full rated 220 V supply and operates independently with its own individual switch.
i) Relative atomic mass (Ar): The ratio of the average mass of the isotopes of an element to 1/12th of the mass of one Carbon-12 atom.
ii) Derivation of Relative Molecular Mass = 2 × Vapour Density:
Vapour Density (V.D.) = [Mass of a given volume of gas/vapour at STP] / [Mass of an equal volume of hydrogen at STP]
According to Avogadro's law, equal volumes contain equal number 'n' of molecules at the same temperature and pressure:
V.D. = [Mass of n molecules of gas] / [Mass of n molecules of hydrogen]
Setting n = 1:
V.D. = [Mass of 1 molecule of gas] / [Mass of 1 molecule of hydrogen]
Since hydrogen is a diatomic molecule (H2) containing 2 atoms:
V.D. = [Mass of 1 molecule of gas] / [2 × Mass of 1 hydrogen atom]
Since Relative Molecular Mass = [Mass of 1 molecule of gas] / [Mass of 1 hydrogen atom]:
V.D. = Relative Molecular Mass / 2
Relative Molecular Mass = 2 × Vapour Density (V.D.)
i) Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances comprising a solute and a solvent.
ii) Factors Affecting Solubility:
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent: "Like dissolves like". Polar solutes dissolve readily in polar solvents (e.g., NaCl in water), while non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents (e.g., naphthalene in benzene).
2. Temperature:
• Endothermic process: Solubility of solids increases with an increase in temperature.
• Exothermic process: Solubility decreases with an increase in temperature.
• Gases in liquids: Solubility always decreases as temperature increases because kinetic energy causes gas molecules to escape.
3. Pressure: An increase in pressure significantly increases the solubility of gases in liquids (governed by Henry's law: S ∝ P). Pressure has no noticeable effect on solid solutes.
i) Stimulus: Any detectable physical, chemical, or environmental change in the external or internal surroundings that evokes a functional physiological response in an organism.
ii) Structure of a Neuron:
1. Cyton (Soma / Cell Body): Broad central portion containing a prominent spherical nucleus, neuroplasm, and protein-synthesizing Nissl's granules.
2. Dendrites: Short, profusely branched cytoplasmic processes extending outward from the cyton that receive electrical impulses and transmit them toward the cyton.
3. Axon: A single, elongated, cylindrical process arising from the axon hillock that transmits impulses away from the cyton. Surrounded by Schwann cells that form an insulating lipid myelin sheath, with unmyelinated interruptions termed Nodes of Ranvier. Terminated by terminal arborizations with synaptic knobs that secrete neurotransmitters.
• Dihybrid Cross: Breeding between parents differing in two pairs of contrasting alleles simultaneously (e.g., Round Yellow seeds × Wrinkled Green seeds).
• Parents: Round Yellow (RRYY) × Wrinkled Green (rryy).
• F1 Generation: All offspring are Round Yellow hybrids (RrYy).
• F2 Phenotypic Ratio: Selfing of F1 yields a ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(9 Round Yellow : 3 Round Green : 3 Wrinkled Yellow : 1 Wrinkled Green).
• Difference from Monohybrid Cross:
1. A monohybrid cross considers inheritance of only one trait (e.g., plant height), yielding an F2 phenotypic ratio of 3 : 1 and explaining the Law of Segregation.
2. A dihybrid cross tracks two independent traits simultaneously, producing an F2 phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1, and demonstrates Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
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